Productivity in the Roanoke Branch Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Efficiency in the Roanoke Branch - Coursework Example As I development, I am writing to give subtleties of how the official group can help in turning around the descending winding of representative confidence and profitability. Foundation. As you will review, we lost two of our most experienced specialized workers at Roanoke and other have unveiled their aim to leave Phoenix. A vacuum will be made, which will be extremely hard to fill. This is fit for lessening the quantity of a customer significantly in the following a half year. Our general yearly income will thus diminish by 37%. This will additionally irritate the impact of the monetary crunch which has decreased ad costs by 41% across the country, and 53% in North Carolina. Proposition. Given the abovementioned, I am proposing another way to deal with overseeing worker relations. This methodology contains three significant segments: making sure about representative responsibility, question goals, and government assistance. The dedication of representative particularly the top administration workers can be made sure about by setting up a two-way correspondence process which will assist chiefs with understanding Phoenix vision, crucial, and values and permit the official group at the base camp. This can be accomplished during gatherings, visit briefings, bulletins, and brochures. Recreational and sports exercises can likewise be utilized for casual correspondences. The responsibility of representatives can likewise be upgraded by suitable acknowledgment of individual workers and teams’ accomplishments and endeavors. This will help in elevating the correct mentality to work and drawing out the best in representatives. Satisfactory acknowledgment can be given to workers through recognition letters, praises and legitimacy grants, and the board proposal plot. Given the certainty of contentions among workers at various classes, the official group ought to set up clear channels for housing protests, quickly manage objections and the activities taken conveyed to representatives so as to determine disputes.â

The Puritans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Puritans - Essay Example On September 6, 1620, the Mayflower, a cruising vessel, began her critical journey from Plymouth, England, with around 100 explorers on board, destined for Virginia to set up a private perpetual state in North America. (Roark, et al, 2007). Showing up on November 21, at what is presently Provincetown, Massachusetts, 41 of them marked the renowned Mayflower Compact. A little detail of the travelers, drove by William Bradford, appointed to choose a spot for perpetual settlement, arrived at what is currently Plymouth, Massachusetts, on December 21. (Roark et al; 2007).The content of the record read: We, having embraced for headway of the Christian confidence and the Honor of our King and Country, a journey to plant the primary state in the northern pieces of Virginia, docovenant and consolidate ourselves together into a common Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends previously mentioned, andenact, establish and edge such just and equivalent L aws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Officesas will be thought generally meet and advantageous for the General great of the Colony into which we guarantee all due Submission and Obedience (Roark, et al; 2007)Shortly before Charles I broke up Parliament in 1629, numerous Puritans framed the Massachusetts Bay Colony and were conceded a sanction for colonization in New England. (Roark, et al; 2007; pp 77-101). In 1630 this gathering cruised for the New World, with chose senator John Winthrop to lead them. On board the boat Arbella, Winthrop conveyed a message to his adherents about the importance of their excursion and their obligation as pilgrims to follow an exemplary way and to hold fast carefully to God's laws (Roark, et al; 2007). He and his devotees built up settlements around Boston in 1630. Unlike the Virginia homesteaders, most transients to New England were ranchers or tradesmen of white collar class inception whocame as a major aspect of a family (Roark, et al; 2007). Th eir family ties strengthened their strict convictions through interlocking establishments of family, church and network. In contrast to their Chesapeake partners, New Englanders didn't dissipate over the land, however settled in various modest communities found either on the coast or along a stream. (Roark, et al; 2007) The townspeople's solid pietyenforced astounding strict and social congruity in the networks. The expression of God-not detailed function - was the focal point of Puritan administrations; and Puritans considered 'church' to be not the structure in which they adored but rather the people who went into a grave pledge with one another and with God to lead a sacred and upright life. (Roark, et al; 2007). Since Puritans were Calvinists, they trusted Christians must teach their conduct to adjust carefully to their strict thoughts. Calvinism likewise lectured the regulation of destiny whereby people were either spared or cursed by God's foreordained decision; and their cont ract required the teaching of the whole network; church individuals were to watch the conduct of different individuals and report any offenses to chapel seniors whose activity it was to rebuff violators of the network's pledge. The congregation had no immediate job in common government; in any case, the Puritans accepted that administration was at last subordinate to the congregation. They tried to make open life completely adjust to their perspective on God's law, anticipating exacting recognition of the Sabbath, declining to observe Christmas and Easter, and rebuffing rounds of possibility, music and moving, in addition to other things (Roark, et al; 2007) The Puritans made a common government that was represented by Puritans for Puritanism; the main authorities in towns of the Colony were the 'freemen' who must be male church individuals; they could decide in favor of senator, agent representative and other frontier authorities. At the point when the quantity of 'freemen' turned out to be too huge to even consider meeting helpfully, every town consented to send two representatives to the General Court to go about as the Colony's authoritative body.

Field Experience In The Classroom Role Education Essay

In a class, the point is to hold understudies larn new builds and ingest them to hold aiming sway in their lives. While this is tried by many, non the same number of educators receive showing technique solid for learning. Dalton characterizes showing technique as â€Å" the arrangement of decides and strategies that help and encourage solid guidance ( 2008 ) . † She other than includes that â€Å" it is other than inferred in the use of the conventional term course and in treatment of instructional assaults. † Poor use of instructing technique can deliver confusion while its appropriate use looks after request. Sharp going to is required in the association of the schoolroom, cooperation between the teacher and understudies ; and format of the exercises. The board of classification scene and exercise plans are the other of import features ( Dolton, 2008 ) . I would say, I experienced eight situations where I have introduced the fortunes, my investigation and recommendati onsCase 1I finished one hundred hours with in a fourth class classification for specific guidance. In this classification, there are 12 male childs and a teacher. There were other than two paraprofessionals ; one for is instructive while the other is an emergency executive. Despite the fact that the children were splendid, they simple lost point of convergence to their curve fights. The emergency course paraprofessional would yell at the students accomplish class request. Having remained with the students for some mature ages, she had built up that way of pull offing messiness in classification. The students would secure soundless as a result of her harassing. Concerning the educator, she raised the voice with an unfaltering articulation to which the children stayed silent. The emergency executive, by and by, thought about that assault too much delicate for the class and she would come in with telling cries. The teacher had non talked about the illicit relationship with the chief. I detected she was threatened by the more seasoned woman chief to demonstrate her dissuasion to way that way of dealing with the category.Observation, exercise and recommendationThis condition is non contributing for specific guidance researchers in fourth class specifically guidance. The emergency executive has molded the students to respond to just negative incitement. This implies the children keep up calm out of dread when compromised. This adjusts them to move from tormenting destructing their confirmation. The educator on her segment raises the voice to achieve request in the classification. The two different ways are destructive to the improvement of the children. In this case, positive incitement is better interchange. Perspectives that great or are loved by the children are anticipated to them ( Dolton, 2011 ) . For case, asking the children to settle with the goal that story they may larn the cheerfulness in account connection. The teacher and the para-instructors need to b uild respectability of aim. In private gathering of the three, they ought to think about objectiveness of the classification direction.Case 2There is a female parent who proclaims the religion of Jehovah source. Her kid Mekhi, is non permitted to partake in any get-away related exercises ; he is in this way barred from excursion stories, shading/making get-away drawings and get-away gatherings in the schoolroom. The educator offers him other work while the get-away exercises are voyaging on.Observation, exercise and recommendationReligious religion is an individual issue with much bearing on a truster ‘s picks. In the schoolroom scene, it presents complex relationship for bunch individuals recognizing impacts of differentiating philosophies ( Dolton, 2008 ) . It is increasingly fragile for kids who create more honed awareness of their rejection from bunches because of their religion. The teacher should run into with the parent to talk fortunes and interchange exercises permiss ible to Mekkhi. Since excursion exercises are fun with kids, interchange exercises looked for him ought to be in Fieldss of his contribution. Discovering him separate area will help concentrate going to of the central classification from his alone pattern.Case 3I saw numerous guardians like to watch their children ‘s birthday events in the schoolroom by guiding bar and squeeze to class. Because of unfavorably susceptible responses, a few students get rejected from eating the bar since it might fuse nuts. In the end, a few children simply sit by disturbed to watch others relaxing the bars. The guardians are aware that the children appreciate treats, confect, french friess and pizza each piece much as the bars. In add-on, these alternatives to cover make non welcome on hypersensitive responses in the kids.Observation, exercise and recommendationGroup happiness exercises are sound condition for children to larn relational achievements. Their character is molded through collaborat ion with others. Birthday celebrations, for case help kids learn do companions and example generousness through sharing gathering supplements. Youngsters are especially interesting when they notice physical contrasts such organ harm on anybody. In any case, they embrace the importance put forth for them by figures of approval like guardians. In the case of unfavorably susceptible response to nuts, the casualties are identifying how confining their status is to aside from them from the gathering. Exercises that cause prohibition of a child dependent on normal condition of affairss they have little authority over is undesirable for their cultural advancement ( Dolton, 2011 ) . The teacher ought to propose the substitute supplements satisfactory to kids through a note to all guardians. Illuminating the guardians regarding the suggestion from the get-go in the twelvemonth limits likely battle with guardians who may hold arranged the birthdays.Case 4There was a clasp a student named Kenn y hosted a birthday gathering in the schoolroom. He concluded non to divide his bar and squeeze with students he did non like. He seriously cautioned them non to acknowledge the bar when it was advertised. As the educator did the certified lawyer's exam unit of ammo, I saw surprisingly high figure of understudies decrease the offer. Typically, these children acknowledged confectionary however here they react without a second thought to the bar. The educator gravely asked a record from the students. A kid broke into cryings as he described about Kenny ‘s notice to them. The educator asked Kenny to offer a statement of regret and reexamine imparting the bar to all students. The classification grasped Kenny with absolution and acknowledged a bit of the bar.Observation, exercise and recommendationChilds have more grounded bunch singularity than adults. In this way, a child rejected segregated from a gathering through harassing is vulnerable to underscore. Detached terrorizing can destroy to a child before a teacher identifies it. In this occasion review, this educator interfaces great with her understudies to feel a vocation from verifiable side effects ( Dolton, 2011 ) . Her assault to work excursion the occurrence adequately yielded positive outcome. The educator other than picked a fitting signifier of review. As a first instance of mistake, Kenny was made to ponder his activity and correct its hurtful contact with a conciliatory sentiment. The child accommodated and continued inviting relationship by sharing the bar in joy.Case 5There was a male youngster who automatically wet himself in the schoolroom. The teacher did non show who's boss him ; she only went with him to the restroom to hold him clean up. She so took him to the workplace so she could talk the undertaking with his parent. In the mean time, she guaranteed that the understudy did non persevere through more remote shame in the schoolroom. Perception, exercise and proposal This is an example of private occupation to a man. Albeit a physiological activity, it sets a stage for mental accentuation if the child gets humiliated or progressively hurtful disgrace. The teacher was house to the class with the goal that they comprehend the occurrence is non one of cheerfulness. To the influenced kid, she was humane by cleaning him. Including the parent fabricates sets up more help for the child. More grounded help engages a child with a characteristic difficulty dressed metal on obtaining ( Dolton, 2011 ) .Case 6I had gone through 50 hours in first grade classification 27 male childs and misss taking General Education. In this occurrence, the teacher had shown the students great habits. She characterized for them fitting was ever perpetually reminding the children about their habits. Continually expressing them to use fit situations to: thank individual, offer guide and to open the entryway for other people. She so shown through recreations use of these relation al accomplishmentsObservation, exercise and recommendationThis is an occurrence of pretending. Youngsters adapt viably through experiential fight ( Dolton, 2011 ) . They especially absorb builds they see from a figure of approval. The teacher adequately passed on the develop of habits by rehearsing them. At the point when class develops are coordinated with life, obtaining is unequivocally effectual.Case 7A young lady took the educator ‘s stick firearm and cover it in her school sack. Another understudy found the weapon gum and alarmed the educator. The teacher pulled the miss who took the gum weapon aside and addressed her. She allowed her to elucidate herself sing the instinct. The miss admitted the robbery, restored the taken point and offered a conciliatory sentiment. The educator acknowledged the statement of regret without more distant punishment. Perception, exercise and proposal This is an example of administrating subject to a man through disciplinary change. An occurrence of undiscipline requires prompt activity to control development negative character. In any case, a punishment can wound a child ‘s mental science irretrievably if inadmissibly regulated ( Dolton, 2011 ) . Any first episode of an encounter is utile to a child ‘s obtaining. Having perceived the miss who had taken the gum, the teacher permitted the student to do an admission of her demonstration and offer an expression of remorse. It ‘s a definitive case of vitalizing conduct change through close to home contemplation.Case 8In this instanc

The War of the Worlds A Critique of Imperialism - Literature Essay Samples

With the close of the 19th century and the dawn of the 20th, much of the world was changing. In particular, world literature was shifting from the ideals of Romanticism to the stark realism of novels written after the Great War. At the beginning of this shift lies the novel The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells. It is a unique work in that it can be considered an example of both literary themes present during the 1890s, Romanticism and realism. In the words of Wells himself, it is a â€Å"scientific romance† combining aspects of both. While it uses the Martian invasion of Earth as an extended metaphor to critique imperialism in fine Romantic form, its approach is very realistic through its use of verisimilitude, telling of the fictional invasion as an actual event that occurred in the recent past. It is the use of this literary technique that lets The War of the Worlds stand out amidst novels with similar themes but rather more conventional premises, such as Joseph Conradâ€℠¢s Heart of Darkness. Considering the subject matter, the opinions and knowledge of the general public at the time, and the prevailing literary ideas, it was crucial to establish credibility early on. Otherwise, the novel would have been easily dismissed as either too fanciful or too confusing, and its emotional impact would have been greatly reduced. In the novel, Wells provides a base for the use of verisimilitude by writing in the first-person, in the past tense, and from the point of view of a participant writing his memoirs about an event in the near past, all of which contribute to giving the audience a sense of looking back on something that has already occurred. This is crucial, as the audience can better relate to a highly improbable yet historical event, rather than a similar event which only might occur in the future. Wells supports this base through a description of the Martian investigation of man and introduces a comparison to imperialism by immediately laying out that â€Å"as men busied themselves about their various concerns they were scrutinised and studied [like how] a man with a microscope might scrutinize the transient creatures†¦ in a drop of water† and that men were furthermore â€Å"serene in their assurance of their empire over matter† (3). Incidentally, the use of verisimilitude in The War of the Worlds has the side effect of making the novel more direct (since it is ideally coming across as the narrator’s memoirs) and thus more palatable to the average reader. Rather than needing an extended introduction which could range for chapters and potentially discourage the audience, the novel can instead introduce the most pertinent details necessary to create the background plot and make the transition to the main plot in only a few pages. It is an unorthodox beginning, but it does wonders for convincing the audience that the novel has intellectual merit beyond the basic story and is not just another foolish fantas y to be discarded. As the plot progresses into the narrator’s account of what actually happened, Wells continues to build on the base established in the opening pages to incorporate verisimilitude further into the novel. First, he uses accurate scientific facts to describe Mars and the Martian journey to Earth. He reminds the audience of the vast stellar distances involved (140,000,000 miles), which at the time was hardly common knowledge. For the average reader, this evokes a sense of awe at the abilities of the Martians to traverse such a distance. Then, he leads into a discussion of why the Martians wished to come to Earth in the first place in order to clear up much of the ambiguity as to why such dissimilar creatures (as the reader later learns) would want to go to the trouble of doing so. At this point, the theme of critiquing imperialism comes out strongly, as the narrator addresses the audience directly: â€Å"And before we judge them too harshly we must remember wha t†¦ destruction our own species has wrought, not only upon animals,†¦ but upon its inferior races,† referring to the Tasmanians that were wiped out by British settlers (5). By comparing the Martians to British imperialists, Wells shows the readers how they, through the British Empire, have mistreated much of the developing world. As for the reader, seeing the similarity between seemingly inhuman monsters and themselves is startling. Wells also draws on his own reality to provide proper names for the people and places in the novel. The narrator states that the Martian preparations were spotted by several real-life astronomers like Perrotin of Nice, Lavelle of Java, and Oglivy, a famous British observer. He even spends the night with Oglivy at his Ottershaw observatory, where they observe the first cylinder’s launch. However, regardless of what this could mean to them, the populace remains unconcerned, as evidenced by Punch satirizing the â€Å"volcanoes upon M ars† for the political cartoon (8-9). Wells then places the landing site of the first cylinder as Horsell Common, which was an open area near his home and the home of the novel’s narrator. Wells could have easily placed the setting in a foreign or fictional country, but placing it in Great Britain makes it all the more pressing; reading about somewhere far away being devastated is one thing, but reading about your own town and surrounding towns being devastated is quite another. A common method of distancing oneself from a traumatic event that has occurred to others is to assert that it won’t happen here. Placing the novel in Great Britain prevents the audience from resorting to that method and forces them to confront their fears and apprehensions, both about the fictional Martians and the real effects on the world of British imperialism. Again, most of Wells’s efforts to make The War of the Worlds read like a factual real-life account have to come at the beginning to establish credibility, but that does not mean he can forget the rest of the novel. Throughout the rest of the story, Wells uses several contrasts in the British people’s reactions to the Martian invasion to further support the theme. For example, the narrator describes how, after the Heat Ray was first used, he encounters a group of people who have only heard about it, but not actually seen its deadly effects. One asks, â€Å"People seem fair silly about the common. What’s it all abart?† and when given an answer replies that she has heard â€Å"Quite enough, thenks† (33). The group scorns the narrator as exaggerating the crisis, which incidentally was the reaction of most people when confronted by the effects of imperialism. They dismissed it as something they didn’t need to worry about, as they have only heard about it, rather than seen it directly. However, when the Martians finally emerge in their iconic tripods, the people change t heir minds without even a small demonstration of the Heat Ray, as shown by the response at Shepperton and Weybridge shortly thereafter. A similar response is described by the narrator’s brother in London, as the â€Å"people in their best clothes seemed scarcely affected by the strange intelligence [of the Martians]† until the Martians arrive, whereupon â€Å"the whole population of the great six-million city [poured] en masse northward† (87, 91). Some are even driven to insanity, like the curate that the narrator meets. Shaken by the destruction of Weybridge, the curate slowly goes mad during his time with the narrator, and, once trapped in the destroyed house by the Martian pit, succumbs quickly. He becomes so insensible that he eventually claims, â€Å"I must bear my witness!† and rushes to the Martians (156). Fortunately, the narrator escapes by knocking out the curate and hiding in the house’s scullery. These examples work to convey to the rea der what it feels like to be the victims of a more powerful entity, which is also how the inhabitants of several British colonies feel, albeit to a lesser degree. While the novel eventually does resolve on the high note of the Martians’ demise, the audience cannot forget how their collective actions towards colonial peoples can be reflected in the fictional Martian actions towards the audience and must confront themselves over what has happened, both in the novel and in reality. Essentially, The War of the Worlds uses verisimilitude in order to combine a thrilling story and an exposition upon the moral dangers of imperialism. Wells could very easily have written two novels that each do half of what the The War of the Worlds does, but the overall emotional effect on the story and the reader would be compromised. A thrilling yet superficial story would excite the reader but accomplish nothing substantial, while an exposà © on imperialism would accomplish something substantial , but would be so dull as to end up in a library somewhere, a sort of â€Å"call to arms† that no one would hear. When combined, the story may not be as thrilling and the exposà © may not be as exposing, but people will read it, and the world will be that much richer for it.

American History And The Crucible By Arthur Miller - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 768 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Crucible Essay Did you like this example? During the Red Scare of the 1940rs 1950rs, hundreds of innocent Americans were accused of being either communists or communist sympathizers. Much like in The Crucible by Arthur Miller, people of these eras were accused and convicted with little or no evidence at all. During the time of the Red Scare this was called McCarthyism. It was named after Joseph McCarthy, who was a Wisconsin Senator, after he accused countless government officials of being communist spies. These accused politicians and citizens were then wrongfully accused just as witches were accused during the Salem Witch Trials. Today America is mostly astounded and ashamed of both the Salem Witch Trials and the era of McCarthyism. Both events cost countless innocent people their lives, jobs, reputations, and more. If you were accused of being a communist you had two choices, confess to your crimes and name other communists or you could deny the accusation and eventually be blacklisted. This meant that no matter what you did your reputation would be destroyed. If you sold people out and confess, then no one would want to be around a communist snitch. If you denied that you were a communist then you would most likely be blacklisted and the no one would associate with you. This was much like the trials in The Crucible in that you could either deny the charges and most likely be hanged, or you could confess and have your reputation destroyed. Both of these choices were exhibited by many characters throughout The Crucible. For example, it is heard that many unnamed people have confessed to witchcraft and have be en sentenced to jail time. In doing so they saved their own lives. However, John Proctor refuses to let his name be dragged through the mud and tears up his confession. He allowed himself to be hung as an example to everyone else in what the court would do to an innocent man. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "American History And The Crucible By Arthur Miller" essay for you Create order Arthur Miller, author of The Crucible, wanted to show how dark times like these in history are. He wanted the people to realize just what happens to innocent people, like John Proctor, when falsely accused. It can destroy anyoners life and reputation, and all it takes is one person that has something to gain. Arthur never wants something like these events to happen again. No one ever wants to be accused of something. Especially when they know they are innocent. There are studies that show that about 1% 2% of people currently incarcerated are innocent. That doesnt seem like much but when it is realized that the number translates to about 20,000 people, it is a major eye opener. People that have been wrongfully convicted often lose everything. Friends, family, jobs, and so much more is lost due to an act they did not commit. He believed that this issue needed to be addressed in a way that the public would recognize. Using the Salem Witch Trials as an Allegory for the Red Scare opened peoplers eyes to what was really going on in America. Throughout the Crucible we see multiple people that realize what was truly going on. It all started with Rebecca Nurse. When she went to take a look at the girls she knew immediately what was going on. Even still, no one believed her when she said that it was all an act. Eventually, Rev. Hale also realizes what is happening, but he is too late. By the time he realizes that the girls were lying countless people have already been sentenced or killed. Rev. Hale then pleads with people to confess in an attempt to stop the court. This act was much like an act made against Joseph McCarthy. During a Senate hearing, lawyer Joseph Welch went completely berserk on McCarthy. He called him out for being a liar in his famous words, Have you no sense of decency! The rest of the Senate then realized what was truly going on and that incident caused McCarthy to not be re-elected. Joseph Welch was then praised as a hero for finally stopping him. American history has had some embarrassing moments. We killed innocents in the Salem Witch Trials and ruined lives in the Red Scare. Arthur Miller opened Americars eyes to what actually happens in events like these, where innocent people are accused and found guilty. He wanted to make sure that an event such as these never again happens in the history of this country. He shows that accusing a citizen with no evidence almost never works out in the accused personrs favor. All any of it does is sully their name and reputation.

An Analysis of Mel Lazarus Angry Fathers Essays - 859 Words

A00116258 Angry Fathers Mel Lazarus, writer of Angry Fathers, showed by describing his relationship between him and his father, as he recalled an incident that happened when he was 9 years old, back in 1938, when corporal punishment was most used to correct bad behavior, â€Å"They’ll live, don’t worry â€Å", was the common idea, that event marked his relationship and trust with his father for life. Lazarus’ family stayed at a boarding house in Catskills for the summer during school vacations, and he and two buddies were hanging out one August afternoon, bored. So what they decided to do was engage in a little remodeling, as the owner of the place was furious, the three mothers basically decided to let their husbands discipline the boys. The†¦show more content†¦That was not his way, Although many years has passed since then, corporal punishment still being used sometimes with hard consequences, often we notice on television real cases of parents going too fa r, they are different ways that corporal punish is used, the most popular is within the family, typically children punished by parents or guardians; within the schools when students are punished by teachers or administrators’ or as part of a criminal sentence ordered by a court of law. Corporal punishment of minors within domestic settings is lawful in all 50 states and widely approved by parents. â€Å"They’ll live, don’t worry â€Å", Stanishly the consequences of corporal punishment are vivid, a 14% of all men in prison in the USA were abuse as children, 36% of all women in prison were abused as children and of course children who experience child abuse are 59% more likely to be arrested as a juvenile, and 28% more likely to be arrested as an adult. On the other hand we were very fortunate that my parents had the same level of understanding when it came to punishing us, (we were five kids growing up together), I called my sisters Nora and Veronica, to asked them if they recalled my parents ever punishing us that way, but they told me as I remembered, our parents used discipline on a different way, even then,

Importance of Note-Taking And Paraphrasing in Lear

Question: Discuss about theImportance of Note-Taking And Paraphrasing in Lear. Answer: Note-taking and Paraphrasing Academic Resources Strategies and their Impact on Learning Introduction There are several learning strategies for learners. Some students understand by taking notes while others prefer visual materials. The most common learning strategies are note-taking and paraphrasing. Good note-taking and paraphrasing strategies are essential parts of learning for students. A student might be overwhelmed by the coursework if the reading materials are not summarized. It is not possible to read volumes of books from cover to cover within a limited period. Students are not expected to internalize all the information given in class or accessed from reading resources. Paraphrased work is written in a language that the student understands. Paraphrasing shows that the student has clearly understood the information (Keira,1997). Developing good note-taking and paraphrasing saves time for the student when revisiting the reading materials for revision. Good notes are brief and precise. Well paraphrased work is properly cited and in simple language (Erickson Strommer,1991). This paper looks at the importance of note-taking and paraphrasing to effectively summarize academic resources. The paper explores different note-taking and paraphrasing strategies. Learning goes beyond understanding the contents of a book or journal. According to SACE Board of SA (2012), learning requires comprehension and expressing the understanding in ones own words. The Importance of Note-Taking and Paraphrasing in Summarizing Academic Resources The most important reason is to have a record for future use. Every student needs to revise for the examinations consistently. A well-organized and brief record will be an advantage in the intense exam period. It is impossible to read a book to the end and understand the contents at the same time over a short period and under pressure. A paraphrased summary is usually written is the students own simple language. This means that the learner will not struggle to understand the contents while revising. For learning to be effective, frequent revision must be incorporated (Piolat Kellogy, 2004). For revision to take place, a proper understanding of the target topic must take place. Proper understanding is demonstrated by good note-taking and paraphrasing and composing a summary. Note-taking enhances a learners organization skills. The learner should read and write at the same time. The learner should also arrange the notes systematically to make sense. The learner acquires the ability to multitask. Studies have shown that students who take notes gain more information and process it better that those who use laptops. According to Cindi May (2003), the old school way is more efficient because the student is able to rewrite content with symbols and words that are familiar. The laptop is more limiting when it comes to expressing emotions and originality than handwriting. Students who use the longhand method are likely to be more focused on the note-taking task as compared to those using laptops. A laptop has many distractions, unlike a book. These distractions might lead to shallow notes. The second importance of good note-taking and paraphrasing is to focus attention. When reading, it is natural for ones mind to wander off (CaryCarlson,2001). One might think of financial problems, social life or awaiting workload. Good note-taking and paraphrasing require maximum concentration and comprehension. A learner can concentrate better while trying to comprehend the reading material. The writing keeps the reader focused. This strategy helps the reader to be active and to gather as much information as possible. Paraphrasing requires internalizing information and putting it out according to the learners understanding (Hadwin Woodhouse,1999). A learner should aim at developing proper note-taking and paraphrasing strategies to avoid meaningless reading. Developing good note-taking and paraphrasing strategies require focus, understanding, and organization. Effective summarization of academic resources is delicate. The information, in summary, is an overview of the full text. One must be careful not to eliminate the relevant information (Cary Carlson,2001). On the other hand, one must learn how to eliminate opinions and examples. This strategy results into useful and effective summaries. The first step to an effective summary is paraphrasing. From the paraphrased information, a learner can derive notes with ease. These strategies make learning less stressful and save time (PiolatKellogy,2004).A summary is as a result of paraphrasing and note-taking. This is because a summary is a highlight of the main topic. A reviews main purpose is to give a rough idea of the main topic. The hint refreshes the learners memory. The third reason for proper note-taking and paraphrasing is to save time in the future. A student is required to take tests and complete all coursework at the end of a semester. The exam period may be overwhelming. Short and precise notes come in handy during this period. All the learners need to do is to refresh their memories since they had already internalized the contents of the reading materials and summarized them effectively (Erickson Strommer,1991). A quick review of a summary is enough to prepare a student for the examinations. While note-taking and paraphrasing, a student can elaborate information (TitworthKiewra,2004). Paraphrasing is an important element of academic writing(SACE,2012). The reason learners paraphrase is to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is defined as using someone elses work and passing it as ones own. Paraphrasing another writers work without proper citations is plagiarism (BretagCarapiet,2007). Proper paraphrasing and recognition of the original writer are allowed in academic writing. It is important for students to learn how to paraphrase correctly to avoid penalties that come along with plagiarism. Paraphrasing is also important in the provision of evidence (Titworth and Kiewra,2004). A learner must provide proof of information, and this can only be achieved by referencing previous works. Paraphrasing is important to show recognition of past studies. Finally, note-taking and paraphrasing are important in improving vocabulary (Hadwin Woodhouse, 1999). When a student is paraphrasing, a dictionary is an important asset, especially in complex materials. The student notes the new words and can use the words in other contexts in the future. Complex learning sources need to be broken down to simple language for future reference. A thesaurus and a dictionary should be selected according to the learners level. An advanced level dictionary is not recommended because it only complicates the resources further. A student may opt for the easy way out by sharing notes with other course mates. This shortcut does not work because every student takes notes according to how they understand a point. The understanding of one learner may be confusing to another. There have been critics of the methods of taking notes and paraphrasing. One such study advocates for retrieval practice. This method involves putting away all notes and resources and trying to remember information without referring to the notes. The study tries to explain that referring to books and notes encourages cramming. The study goes further to explain that expressing ideas without referring to a source demonstrates better a understanding of a topic. This idea has been dismissed by tutors who believe that note-taking and paraphrasing work for all students, unlike the above-mentioned idea that favors fast learners (Brown et al.,2014).Learning should focus on all students and their learning abilities. An exam period is intense, and a learner may be too nervous to remember past materials. Brief and precise notes come in handy. Conclusion Students who fail to take notes do not do well as compared to their counterparts who take notes. As this paper has demonstrated, note-taking enables a student to have a better understanding of what is being studied. Note-taking enables long-term comprehension of a topic. The focus and attention that is required while paraphrasing sharpens a learners mind and enables the learner to take in more information. Good note-taking and paraphrasing involve sieving unnecessary information from the most important information. Poor note-taking is a great disadvantage for any student. Unorganized notes will lead to confusion in the future. The record will not be viable for future use. Students should put emphasis on taking good notes. Good notes have features such as brevity, preciseness, accuracy, and organization. Learning is a process and internalizing everything is impossible .Paraphrasing and note-taking enhance reading skills. These strategies keep a student on focus and enhance comprehension. These two strategies discourage shortcuts such as recordings and note-sharing. Students are encouraged to rely on their minds as well as sharpen their skills. Proper paraphrasing is the surest way to avoid plagiarism. 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Alberta Journal of Educational Research 45(5),1-17 Keira,K.(1997), Learning How to Learn: Presentation to Campus-wide TA Workshop Lincoln: University Of Nebraska May, C.(2003), A Learners secret: Dont Take Notes with a Laptop Charleston: University of Charleston Piolat,A.,Kellogy, R.(2004), Cognitive Effort of Note-Taking: Applied Cognitive Psychology,8,1-22 Titworth,B.,Kierwa,K.(2004),Organizational Lecture Cues and Note-Taking Facilitate Student Information Processing, A journal of Contemporary Education Psychology 29,447-461 SACE Board of SA (2012), Guidelines for Referencing. South Australia :SACE